{"id":31755,"date":"2025-10-09T09:43:28","date_gmt":"2025-10-09T07:43:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fondationbiodiversite.fr\/?p=31755"},"modified":"2025-10-09T09:43:28","modified_gmt":"2025-10-09T07:43:28","slug":"islands-biodiversity-gems-at-risk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fondationbiodiversite.fr\/en\/islands-biodiversity-gems-at-risk\/","title":{"rendered":"Islands: biodiversity gems at risk"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The theory of evolution took its very first steps on an island \u2013 and that is no coincidence. In 1835, during his journey to the Gal\u00e1pagos, Charles Darwin carefully observed finches. It was the differences in the shape of their beaks from one island to another that put him on the trail of evolutionary mechanisms (<em>read the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fondationbiodiversite.fr\/en\/levolution-darwinienne-la-biodiversite-et-les-humains\/\">key to understanding Darwinian evolution<\/a><\/em>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Islands are true jewels of biodiversity.<\/strong> Their geographic isolation, combined with unique ecological conditions, encourages the emergence of unique, often endemic species. That is why, <strong>although they cover only 7% of Earth\u2019s land area<\/strong>, islands host nearly <strong>20% of global biodiversity<\/strong>. This richness also comes with extreme vulnerability: <strong>three-quarters of recorded modern extinctions have occurred on islands<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-31767 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondationbiodiversite.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Rivage_Pourcentages_ENG-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"601\" height=\"198\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 12px;\">Key percentage comparisons between islands (blue) and continents (green). <\/span><span style=\"color: #808080; font-size: 12px;\">Sources detailed in Fern\u00e1ndez-Palacios<em> et al.<\/em> 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This contrast between exceptional biodiversity and extreme vulnerability is precisely what the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fondationbiodiversite.fr\/en\/la-frb-en-action\/programmes-et-projets\/le-cesab\/rivage\/\">FRB-CESAB RIVAGE<\/a> group explores, proposing a specific framework for assessing island ecosystems (Bellard <em>et al.<\/em> 2025). But before diving deeper, let\u2019s take a moment to understand: <strong>How can islands, so rich in life, be so fragile?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The extraordinary biodiversity of islands is explained by their isolation, but it is precisely this trait that makes their ecosystems fragile. Scientists call this the \u201c<strong>island syndrome<\/strong>.\u201d Many island species have evolved in environments without certain predators or competitors, leading them to lose defenses that were no longer needed (think of the famous dodo of Mauritius or the kagu of New Caledonia, both birds that lost the ability to fly).<\/p>\n<p>Small territories also mean small populations, which greatly limits genetic diversity and therefore their ability to adapt to disturbances. Finally, an isolated environment implies reduced mobility. When threatened, individuals cannot escape to safer territories.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-30785 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondationbiodiversite.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Dodo_Cagou_redimensionnee.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"449\" height=\"295\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Dodo of Mauritius (extinct) and kagu of New Caledonia (IUCN status: endangered). \u00a9 Violette Silve.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>On top of this intrinsic vulnerability, external pressures are intensifying:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change, including rising global temperatures and sea level rise \u2014 a particularly serious issue for islands,<\/li>\n<li>Land-use changes \u2014 from urbanization and intensive agriculture to tourism development \u2014 which further reduce and fragment available habitats,<\/li>\n<li>Growing human activity, leading to resource overexploitation and pollution,<\/li>\n<li>And finally, the intentional or accidental introduction of species from elsewhere. Predators, herbivores, or competitors disrupt ecological balances by preying on species that never developed \u2014 or lost \u2014 the ability to \u201cresist.\u201d These are called invasive alien species, causing biological invasions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"bloc_gris\">\n<p><strong>Biological invasions: a global threat to terrestrial vertebrates<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In a study conducted just before the creation of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fondationbiodiversite.fr\/en\/la-frb-en-action\/programmes-et-projets\/le-cesab\/rivage\/\">FRB-CESAB RIVAGE<\/a> group (Marino<em> et al.<\/em> 2024), scientists cross-referenced data on 1,600 terrestrial animal species (birds, mammals, and reptiles) with those of 304 invasive alien species known to harm them. They estimated that at least 38% of Earth\u2019s land area is already affected by these invasions \u2014 a figure likely underestimated, since the study considered only 10% of invasive species recorded worldwide.<\/p>\n<p>But exposure does not necessarily mean danger. To refine their analysis, the scientists also considered how sensitive native species are to these threats. This approach allowed them to produce global maps of vulnerability to biological invasions. The result is clear: islands emerge as the most fragile zones, especially for bird populations. Some areas appear spared from invasions, but this may reflect gaps in data collection \u2014 a worrying blind spot for global biodiversity conservation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>And yet, even though island biodiversity plays a crucial role, it remains largely overlooked in global assessments<\/strong>, which tend to focus mainly on continents and climate. For instance, in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), only 1 of the 23 targets explicitly mentions islands as a conservation priority.<\/p>\n<p>In this context, <strong>it has become urgent to better assess the vulnerability of island ecosystems<\/strong>. This is precisely the goal of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fondationbiodiversite.fr\/en\/la-frb-en-action\/programmes-et-projets\/le-cesab\/rivage\/\"><strong>FRB-CESAB RIVAGE<\/strong><\/a> group, which proposes in its first article <strong>a brand-new evaluation framework specifically adapted to island biodiversity<\/strong> (Bellard <em>et al.<\/em> 2025).<\/p>\n<p>This framework assesses vulnerability across three dimensions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Exposure<\/strong>: the degree to which species or their environments face pressures (in terms of intensity, scale, or frequency),<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sensitivity<\/strong>: the extent to which species respond to pressures, depending on their biological and ecological traits,<\/li>\n<li><strong>Adaptive capacity<\/strong>: their ability to adjust to new conditions through rapid ecological changes. For animals, this depends on mobility. For plants and immobile organisms, it relates more to persistence (e.g., high fertility and seed dispersal). Adaptive capacity can also depend on external factors such as habitat quality, availability, protection, or accessibility.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Overall biodiversity vulnerability can thus be defined as the sum of exposure and sensitivity, minus the adaptive capacity of species.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Unlike other approaches, which often consider just one pressure at a time (most commonly climate change, or more recently biological invasions with Marino <em>et al.<\/em> 2024), the framework proposed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fondationbiodiversite.fr\/en\/la-frb-en-action\/programmes-et-projets\/le-cesab\/rivage\/\">RIVAGE<\/a> integrates multiple pressures simultaneously, factoring in their intensity and scale, while also accounting for species-specific traits and adaptive capacity. This tool complements broader indicators, such as the percentage of species threatened on the IUCN Red List. The aim is not to reproduce the same results, but to highlight differences between approaches, refine analyses, and guide action where it is most urgently needed. A detailed comparison between the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fondationbiodiversite.fr\/en\/la-frb-en-action\/programmes-et-projets\/le-cesab\/rivage\/\">RIVAGE<\/a> index and existing indicators is presented in their upcoming article, <a href=\"https:\/\/cnrs.hal.science\/hal-05224555v1\">already available as a preprint<\/a> (Marino <em>et al.<\/em> in review).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>By proposing this index adapted to the specificities of island ecosystems, the scientists of the RIVAGE group are calling for action to put islands at the heart of conservation priorities.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Learn more about the FRB-CESAB RIVAGE group:<\/p>\n<div class=\"contenu_connexe\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fondationbiodiversite.fr\/la-frb-en-action\/programmes-et-projets\/le-cesab\/rivage\/\"><span class=\"thumb\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/www.fondationbiodiversite.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Rivage_photo_web.png');\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fondationbiodiversite.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Rivage_photo_web.png\" alt=\"Rivage\"><\/span><span class=\"content\">Rivage<strong class=\"lien\">Read more<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The theory of evolution took its very first steps on an island \u2013 and that is no coincidence. In 1835, during his journey to the Gal\u00e1pagos, Charles Darwin carefully observed finches. It was the differences in the shape of their beaks from one island to another that put him on the trail of evolutionary mechanisms [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":32271,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[73],"tags":[],"sujet_publi":[114,232],"sources":[90,57],"angle":[183],"class_list":["post-31755","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles-en","sujet_publi-biodiversite-et-oceans-en","sujet_publi-especes-exotiques-envahissantes-en","sources-cesab-en","sources-frb-en","angle-comprendre"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Islands: biodiversity gems at risk - Fondation pour la recherche sur la biodiversit\u00e9<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fondationbiodiversite.fr\/en\/islands-biodiversity-gems-at-risk\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Islands: biodiversity gems at risk - Fondation pour la recherche sur la biodiversit\u00e9\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The theory of evolution took its very first steps on an island \u2013 and that is no coincidence. 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